Book Summary – Same as Ever: A Guide to What Never Changes by Morgan Housel

Preface: “Everything worth pursuing comes with a little pain. The trick is not minding that it hurts.” ― Morgan Housel, Same as Ever: A Guide to What Never Changes

Book Summary: Same as Ever: A Guide to What Never Changes by Morgan Housel

Morgan Housel’s Same as Ever argues that although the world around us changes rapidly — technology, markets, societies — the core of human behavior remains surprisingly constant. People still respond in similar ways to fear, greed, risk, and uncertainty, even when the external surroundings look completely different. Housel’s central message is that understanding what doesn’t change in people gives us a more reliable foundation for our decisions than trying to predict every new change.

He illustrates his ideas through a series of engaging stories and examples. One illustrates how risk often comes not from what we expect, but from what we don’t see coming. He defines risk as “what’s left over after you think you’ve thought of everything.” Housel also highlights that happiness and success depend less on the absolute conditions of our lives and more on how our expectations match reality. He suggests that what matters more than our circumstances is how we view them, and that “the first rule of happiness is low expectations.” In our fast‑moving world, the things we think will make us happy can change fluidly, but the internal human drivers—our desire for purpose, recognition, and meaningful connection—remain remarkably stable.

Housel further challenges the idea of constant upward growth. He explains that while we often expect “progress” in an unbroken upward trend, the reality is far more messy: there are setbacks, randomness, invisible improvements (for example what didn’t happen), and cycles of calm and chaos. One chapter is titled “Calm Plants the Seeds of Crazy” which emphasizes that good times tend to provoke over‑confidence, risk taking, and therefore set up the next crisis. Because of this, measuring success purely by visible change can mislead us. Instead, he encourages readers to look for long‑term patterns—how people and systems behave over decades rather than months.

In terms of structure and style, the book is organized into short, engaging chapters (or stories) each focused on a specific theme — such as “Risk is What You Don’t See” or “Expectations and Reality.” Housel uses a mix of historical anecdotes, personal reflections, business/finance examples, and accessible language. This makes the book readable and thought‑provoking rather than dense or purely academic. His approach gives readers a lens for thinking rather than a rigid how‑to guide.

One of the book’s key strengths is its broad applicability. Although Housel draws heavily from his background in economics and investing, many of his lessons apply to life, leadership, relationships, and decision‑making in general. For example, the insight that you can’t predict exactly what will happen, but you can understand how people will behave is a powerful guidance not just for investing but for managing teams, planning strategy, or navigating personal growth.

That said, the book is more diagnostic than prescriptive: it offers lenses for thinking rather than step‑by‑step instructions. Some readers may find it leaves them wanting more concrete “what to do” checklists. Also, because much of its point focuses on universal human behavior, a few ideas may feel familiar or repeat across chapters. But the repetition of these ideas may also reinforce the permanence of these patterns.

In practical terms, Same as Ever invites us to pay attention to our own expectations, to align our behavior with what’s enduring rather than what’s trendy, and to value consistency, curiosity, and patience. It suggests that instead of chasing the latest “next big thing,” we should recognize and lean into the things that remain true across time. For example, when making business or investment decisions, rather than guessing what will change, we ask: “What about this is likely to remain true ten, twenty, thirty years from now?”

Practical some actionable points and reflections drawn from the book:

      • Adjust expectations: Realize that happiness and success often depend on the gap between expectation and reality. Setting realistic expectations matters.
      • Focus on what you can control: Since you can’t predict many major events, build resilience by controlling what you can—the decisions, behaviors, mindset.
      • Think in terms of permanence: When evaluating something (an investment, a career move, a business strategy), ask: “What about this is likely to remain true 10, 20 years from now?”
      • Recognize the human factor: Because people’s incentives, behaviors and biases are consistent, leadership and strategy should reflect human nature, not idealized models.
      • Embrace long‑term / compound perspective: Whether in money, relationships, career, or personal development—small consistent efforts, patience, cooling the urge for the “next big thing” often win.
      • Story and narrative matter: When communicating decisions (in business or life), consider how the story you’re telling aligns with human behavior—not just the data.
      • Don’t confuse newness for importance: Just because something is novel doesn’t mean it’s more important than the fundamentals.
      • Manage comparisons and mindset: The impulse to compare with others (wealth, status) is enduring—recognizing it helps reduce unnecessary dissatisfaction.

In conclusion, Same as Ever is a compelling exploration of how human nature anchors us amid rapid change. It offers a lens for clearer thinking — helping us focus not just on what is changing, but on what never changes. For students, leaders, or anyone looking to build resilience in uncertain times, this book offers deep and helpful insight. If I were to sum it up in one line: In a world of flux, recognizing the constants gives you the leverage to navigate what changes with greater confidence.

 

Income Tax for Married People

Preface: “Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.” – Genesis 2:24

Income Tax for Married People

Your marital status has a profound effect on how the government taxes you. If you have recently gotten married or ended your marriage or have become widowed, it is to your benefit to understand the changes this has on your tax situation.

This post addresses tax considerations specific to people who are married. Being married not only means different tax treatment than being unmarried, it also means it is greatly to your advantage to coordinate your tax planning with your spouse. This is true even if you were married only recently and even if you are filing separate tax returns.

Choosing the Right Filing Status

In the United States, how you are treated for income tax purposes is greatly affected by the filing status you choose on your tax return. As of 2025, there are five possible filing statuses:

      • Single
      • Married filing jointly
      • Married filing separately
      • Head of household
      • Qualifying surviving spouse

Your choice of filing status determines your standard deduction, your tax rates, and what other deductions and credits you are eligible for. Before you select your status, you should make sure that you meet its requirements.

Married people must in general choose either the “married filing jointly” or “married filing separately” status. Married people who have not finalized all legal proceedings to terminate their marriage by the end of the year cannot choose “single” filing status for that year.

If you were married at any point during the year and have not finalized the ending of your marriage before midnight December 31, you are considered to have been married for tax purposes for that year. Even if your final end of marriage papers go through in the wee hours before sunrise of January 1, you are still married for tax purposes for the year just ended. However, if the end of the marriage is finalized at 11:59PM on December 31, you are considered unmarried for that year.

Death of a spouse is treated very differently than the willful termination of a marriage between living people. If your spouse died at any time in the year, even on January 1, for tax purposes you are still considered married for that year and can file jointly with your spouse who passed away that year. If you remarry before the end of the year, you can file jointly with your new spouse.

You may only file one tax return per year and you must choose only one filing status per year. If you are widowed or have chosen to end your marriage and you then remarry in the same year, you cannot file both with your old spouse and your new spouse.

In some cases, a married person may be able to claim “head of household” filing status. To do this, you must first be able to claim a child you provided for as a dependent. In addition you must either:

      • Be legally separated from your spouse according to the laws of your state. Pennsylvania residents, please be aware that there is no legal separation status in Pennsylvania. Or,
      • Not have lived with your spouse at any time during the last six months of the year.

Claiming Dependents While Married

You do not have to be married to claim a qualifying child or qualifying relative as a dependent. If you are married, you cannot claim your spouse as a dependent. The tax break you get for being married is being able to choose the “married filing jointly” filing status which has a higher standard deduction and lower tax rates. But your spouse is not your dependent on a joint return. This is true even if you had much more income than your spouse or if your spouse had no income at all.

If you are married and filing jointly, any dependent that you or spouse could claim separately can be claimed on your joint return.

If you file separately and there are dependents you and your spouse could both claim, you must decide which one of you is claiming which dependent. If you both try to claim the same dependent in the same year, the IRS will launch an investigation to see who gets the credit and your refund will be delayed until they have made their determination.

Jointly vs. Separately, Which Is Better?

Most married people are better off filing jointly in most years. Married couples who file separately usually do so for personal rather than financial reasons.

If you file jointly, you must include all income earned by both spouses on the joint return.

If you file separately, you need report only your own income. This means that you and your spouse will not need to share financial information, which some people consider an advantage. However, it is still advisable to coordinate your tax position with your spouse.

Note that if one spouse chooses to itemize deductions, the IRS will not allow either spouse to take the standard deduction. So if you are filing separately, it is advisable to ask if your spouse is itemizing.

As already mentioned, the same dependent cannot be claimed on more than one return. So if you are filing separately and claiming dependents, make sure your spouse is not claiming any of the same dependents you are.

Once you file a joint return, neither spouse can file a separate return for that year.

However, this will not affect your filings for future years. For as long as you are married, you may choose to file jointly or separately for any given year regardless of how you filed previous years.

Most state income tax returns offer a choice between joint and separate filing status similar to that on the federal return. Your choice on your state return need not match the choice you make on your federal return.

There are four major disadvantages to filing separately:

      • If you are hiring someone to prepare your tax returns for you, you will pay double or close to double in preparation fees since you are paying for two separate filings. Note that the filing threshold for separate filers is $5. Yes, that’s five dollars, which is a much lower threshold than for single filers. This means that if one spouse is filing separately, the other spouse is required to file even with only $5 of income.
      • You will be subject to higher income tax rates. For 2025, joint filers will jump from the 12% to 22% tax bracket at $96,950 of combined taxable income. For separate filers, this cutoff will be at $48,475, the same as for single filers.
      • You will take a lower standard deduction. For 2024, the standard deduction for joint filers is $31,500. For separate filers it is $15,750, the same as for single filers.
      • You and your spouse will automatically be ineligible for a number of deductions and credits including earned income credit, tuition credit, child and dependent care credit, adoption credit, and the student loan interest deduction. It is also likely that more of your social security benefit will be subject to taxation. And a non-working or low-earning spouse may no longer be able to contribute the full amount to an IRA.

Devising scenarios where there is a clear tax advantage to filing separately is something of an academic exercise for accountants. Here are a few possible financial advantages to filing separately:

      • If both spouses are itemizing deductions and one spouse has low income and high medical expenses and the other spouse has high income and low medical expenses, then the spouse with the low income and high medical expenses will be able to take a bigger medical deduction filing separately. This is because deductible medical expenses are limited to the amount over 7.5% of adjusted gross income reported on the return.
      • For relatively high earners who are just above the phaseout threshold for certain credits and deductions that are not prohibited to separate filers, they may still be able to claim them by filing separately. For instance, the child tax credit begins to phase out at $400,000 for joint filers but only $200,000 for separate filers. Imagine a couple where one spouse earned just over $300,000 and the other earned just over $100,000. If they file jointly, their credit is limited. If they file separately, the lower-earning spouse can still claim the full credit.
      • If both spouses are very high earners, filing separately may allow them a lower rate of income tax. For example, at 2025 rates, spouses with taxable income of $600,000 each will be in the 35% bracket filing separately but in the 37% bracket filing jointly. Earners in the very highest brackets are phased out of most credits and deductions anyway and likely are not taking the standard deduction and in general the disadvantages of filing separately will mean less to them.
      • Consider also that in some cases filing separately may help you qualify for non-tax-related services or products such as financial aid or loans. Any third party that uses your tax return to determine if you are eligible will not be able to see your spouse’s income if you filed separately.

Injured Spouse Allocation of Refund

One consideration that should not be a reason to file separately is a fear that if you file jointly your refund will be taken away to pay your spouse’s debts. You can claim your share of any refund by filing Form 8379: Injured Spouse Allocation. This form is almost like a separate filing in miniature that allows you to compute and claim your share of the refund, but without losing access to any of the credits or deductions that would be disallowed if you actually filed separately. Form 8379 may be included with your joint return or filed up to three years later to request your portion of a refund that has been withheld to pay off debts due to your spouse.

Innocent Spouse Relief

If you filed a joint return and are later subject to additional taxes and penalties because your spouse intentionally misstated income, you may request a waiver from your portion of these additional taxes and penalties by filing Form 8857: Request for Innocent Spouse Relief.

Why CPA-Prepared Financial Statements Matter for Bonding Purposes

Preface: “There are men who can write poetry, and there are men who can read balance sheets. The men who can read balance sheets cannot write.” – Henry R. Luce

Why CPA-Prepared Financial Statements Matter for Bonding Purposes

For many construction companies, contractors, and service providers working on government or large private projects, obtaining a bond is a critical part of doing business. Whether it’s a bid bond, performance bond, or payment bond, these guarantees reassure project owners that your company has the financial stability and operational capability to complete the job.

One of the most important tools surety companies rely on to assess your business’s financial health is your CPA-prepared financial statements. But what exactly do these statements include, and why do they matter so much for bonding?

Let’s break down what business owners should know.

The Role of CPA-Prepared Financial Statements in Bonding

Surety underwriters rely on financial statements to evaluate your company’s ability to meet project obligations. A CPA-prepared statement offers a professional, independent view of your financial condition—something far more reliable than internally prepared bookkeeping reports.

When applying for a bond, underwriters want to understand:

    • How profitable and stable your business is.
    • Whether you have adequate working capital to complete projects.
    • If your debt levels are manageable.
    • How efficiently your business manages cash flow and operations.

The higher the bond amount, the more detailed and formal the financial statements need to be.

Types of CPA-Prepared Financial Statements

There are three primary levels of CPA-prepared financial statements, each offering a different degree of assurance:

    1. Compilation

A compilation is the most basic level. The CPA assembles financial data provided by management into a financial statement format but does not verify its accuracy.
Use Case: Suitable for small bond amounts or internal management use.

    1. Review

A review provides limited assurance that the financial statements are free of material misstatements. The CPA performs analytical procedures and inquiries but does not conduct an audit.
Use Case: Often acceptable for moderate bonding needs—typically up to a few million dollars.

    1. Audit

An audit provides the highest level of assurance. The CPA performs detailed testing, verification, and examination of records, internal controls, and supporting documentation.
Use Case: Required for larger bonding capacities or when the surety wants the highest level of confidence in your numbers.

Key Components of Financial Statements for Bonding

A well-prepared set of financial statements should include:

    • Balance Sheet – showing assets, liabilities, and equity. Sureties closely analyze working capital (current assets minus current liabilities) and net worth.
    • Income Statement (Profit & Loss) – showing revenues, costs, and profitability trends.
    • Statement of Cash Flows – detailing cash inflows and outflows from operations, financing, and investments.
    • Notes to Financial Statements – explaining accounting policies, contingent liabilities, and other critical information.
    • Work-in-Progress (WIP) Schedule – required for contractors, showing contract revenues, costs incurred, estimated profits, and billings. A well-prepared WIP schedule helps demonstrate how effectively your company manages ongoing jobs—a key metric for surety confidence.

Why CPA-Prepared Statements Matter More Than Bookkeeping Reports

Bookkeeping records can help you run your business day-to-day, but they often lack the accuracy, structure, and third-party verification that bonding companies demand.

CPA-prepared financials:

    • Add credibility – Sureties know the statements were prepared following professional standards.
    • Reflect proper accounting methods – Especially important for contractors using percentage-of-completion or completed-contract methods.
    • Highlight strengths and risks – A CPA can help you present financial information in the best possible light while disclosing risks properly.

In short, high-quality statements can directly affect your bonding capacity and the rates you pay for surety bonds.

How Business Owners Can Prepare

Here are a few practical steps to strengthen your financial position for bonding:

    • Keep accurate records year-round. Don’t wait until year-end to reconcile accounts or gather data.
    • Work with your CPA throughout the year, not just at tax time. Ongoing advisory helps anticipate financial issues that could affect bonding.
    • Manage debt wisely. Sureties look favorably on companies that maintain low leverage and consistent profitability.
    • Build retained earnings. Keeping profits in the business increases equity and bonding capacity.
    • Provide timely updates. Surety underwriters appreciate current financials and open communication about business changes.

The CPA’s Role Beyond Reporting

A knowledgeable CPA doesn’t just prepare statements—they can be a strategic advisor. By analyzing your ratios, margins, and WIP schedules, your CPA can help you:

    • Identify cash flow bottlenecks.
    • Improve project profitability.
    • Plan tax-efficiently while maintaining a strong balance sheet.
    • Communicate effectively with surety underwriters and lenders.

Final Thoughts

For any business that bids on bonded work—especially in construction, manufacturing, or large service contracts—CPA-prepared financial statements are not just a formality; they are a foundation for trust and opportunity.

Investing in a well-prepared review or audit may seem like an added cost, but it’s a smart investment. It can unlock higher bonding limits, lower costs, and open doors to bigger projects—all while giving you a clearer picture of your company’s financial health.

If you’re preparing for an upcoming bonding cycle or want to strengthen your company’s financial presentation, our team can help you choose the right reporting level and position your business for success.

No Tax on Tips and Overtime: What the OBBB Act Means for You

Preface: “You can’t have a million-dollar dream with a minimum wage work ethic.” — Zig Ziglar

No Tax on Tips and Overtime: What the OBBB Act Means for You

During the summer of 2025, President Trump signed the One Big Beautiful Bill (OBBB) Act into law—a sweeping piece of legislation that introduced significant tax changes for both individuals and businesses. Among its many provisions are two that directly impact working Americans: new deductions for tips and overtime pay.

These changes aim to put more money in the hands of employees in industries where tips and overtime are a significant part of their income.

Qualified Tips Deduction

Starting in tax year 2025, individuals who earn tips can deduct a portion of them from their taxable income. The law defines a qualified tip as any cash tip received in an occupation that regularly received tips before December 31, 2024 (for example, restaurant servers, bartenders, hotel staff, and hairstylists).

Here’s how it works:

      • You can deduct up to $25,000 per year in qualified tips.
      • The deduction starts to phase out if your modified adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeds $150,000 (or $300,000 for joint filers).
      • Once your AGI reaches $400,000 ($550,000 for joint filers), the deduction fully phases out.
      • Married couples must file jointly to claim the deduction, and the taxpayer’s Social Security number must appear on the tax return.

Example:

If you earn $50,000 in wages and $10,000 in tips as a restaurant server, you may be eligible to deduct the $10,000 in qualified tips, reducing your taxable income by that amount. However, this deduction only applies if you meet all IRS reporting and income requirements.

Important: Even though the income tax on these tips can be reduced, you still owe Social Security and Medicare (FICA) taxes on them.

Reporting Requirements for Tips

The IRS requires proper documentation for all qualified tips:

      • Employers are required to report tips on Form W-2.
      • Employees who receive unreported tips must report them on Form 4137 (Social Security and Medicare Tax on Unreported Tip Income).
      • Independent workers who receive tips should expect to receive Form 1099-NEC or Form 1099-K from their clients or payment processors.

The Treasury Department is updating withholding rules for wages after December 31, 2025, to account for this new deduction.

Qualified Overtime Pay Deduction

The OBBB Act also introduces a deduction for qualified overtime pay from 2025 through 2028. This provision benefits employees who often work more than 40 hours per week.

Key Details:

      • Individuals can deduct up to $12,500 per year, or $25,000 for joint filers.
      • The deduction begins phasing out when AGI exceeds $150,000 ($300,000 for joint filers) and is completely phased out at $275,000 ($550,000 for joint filers).
      • Married taxpayers filing separately are not eligible.

What Counts as Overtime Pay?

“Qualified overtime compensation” refers to overtime required under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) — pay at least 1.5 times your regular rate for hours worked beyond 40 per week. This deduction recognizes that many workers rely on overtime income to make ends meet.

Example:

Suppose a factory employee earns $60,000 in regular wages and $10,000 in overtime pay. Under this rule, they could deduct up to $10,000 of that overtime income (subject to income phase-outs), thereby reducing taxable income and potentially saving thousands in taxes.

Reporting Overtime Pay

Just like tips, employers must report overtime pay on Form W-2, while independent contractors should expect to receive a Form 1099-NEC.

For wages earned before January 1, 2026, the IRS allows reasonable estimates when separately identifying overtime income on reporting forms.

A Word of Caution

While these new deductions are generous, they only apply to federal income tax, not to FICA or FUTA (employment) taxes. That means you still pay Social Security and Medicare taxes on your full income, including tips and overtime.

Make sure you keep detailed records — pay stubs, tip logs, and any documentation from your employer — to substantiate your deductions if the IRS requests verification.

Bottom Line

The new tips and overtime deductions in the OBBB Act provide a significant tax break for millions of workers, particularly in service- and labor-intensive industries.

If you regularly earn tips or overtime pay, you could reduce your taxable income by thousands each year through 2028.

However, eligibility depends on income thresholds and proper reporting.

Understanding Construction Allowances and Their Tax Benefits

Preface: “It is not the beauty of the building you should look at: it’s the construction of the foundation that will stand the test of time.” – David Allen Coe

Understanding Construction Allowances and Their Tax Benefits

If you currently lease retail space—or plan to in the future—it’s important to understand how “construction allowances” from a landlord may impact your taxes. The good news? If certain IRS requirements are met, these allowances can often be excluded from your taxable income.

What Are Construction Allowances?

A construction allowance is money (or a rent reduction) provided by a landlord to a tenant for the purpose of improving or building out leased space. These improvements usually involve the interior of the property, such as remodeling, adding walls, lighting, flooring, or fixtures.

In general, if you receive such an allowance and spend it on qualified construction or improvements to your leased retail space, you don’t need to include it in your gross income—meaning it’s not taxable.

This rule applies to leases signed after August 5, 1997 and only if all IRS criteria are met.

What Qualifies as a Construction Allowance?

A qualified construction allowance meets three key requirements:

      1. Short-Term Retail Lease (15 Years or Less)
        The lease must be for a term of 15 years or less and cover retail space—defined as nonresidential property used in selling tangible goods or services to the general public.
      2. Used for Construction or Improvements
        The allowance must be used to construct or improve “qualified long-term real property,” meaning permanent improvements like flooring, lighting, or walls that remain with the building and revert to the landlord when the lease ends.
      3. Used Only for Business Improvements
        The money must be spent only for improvements related to your trade or business—not for personal purposes.

Timing Matters

The IRS places time limits on when these funds must be spent. To qualify, the construction allowance must be used in the same tax year it’s received—or within a short grace period.

You have up to 8½ months after the end of the tax year in which you received the allowance to spend it on qualifying improvements.

This rule ensures that the allowance truly supports active business development rather than being used as a delayed income benefit.

Example

Let’s make this practical:

Big Mall Co. leases retail space to Simple Designs Co., a calendar-year taxpayer. The lease starts November 1 and includes a $5,000 construction allowance for tenant improvements. Simple Designs receives the payment on December 31.

To exclude this $5,000 from taxable income, Simple Designs must use it by September 15 of the following year (8½ months after year-end) to construct or improve its retail space.

If the funds are used after that date—or for nonqualified improvements—the allowance becomes taxable income.

Why It Matters

This provision helps small business owners manage the cost of preparing a leased retail space without incurring additional tax liability. It’s particularly beneficial for:

      • Retailers renovating leased storefronts
      • Franchises opening new locations
      • Businesses upgrading facilities for improved customer experience

However, businesses must maintain detailed records showing how and when the construction funds were used to support their tax position in the event of an IRS audit.

Planning Tip

Before signing a lease, review the construction allowance clause carefully and consult your tax advisor. Key things to verify include:

      • The lease term (must be 15 years or less)
      • The type of improvements allowed
      • Whether improvements revert to the landlord at lease end
      • How and when the allowance must be used

Proper documentation and timing are critical.

Final Thoughts

Construction allowances can be a powerful tax advantage for business tenants—reducing upfront costs and improving cash flow—as long as the rules are followed.

If you’re negotiating a lease or recently received a construction allowance, consult your CPA or tax advisor to ensure proper classification and compliance. Missteps could result in unexpected taxable income.

How to Handle Tough Conversations with Grace: Lessons from Crucial Conversations

Preface: “As much as others may need to change, or we may want them to change, the only person we can continually inspire, prod, and shape—with any degree of success—is the person in the mirror.” Kerry Patterson, Crucial Conversations Tools for Talking When Stakes Are High

How to Handle Tough Conversations with Grace: Lessons from Crucial Conversations

Have you ever walked away from a tough conversation wishing it had gone differently—wishing you’d said something better, or maybe said nothing at all?

We’ve all been there.

That’s why Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes Are High by Kerry Patterson, Joseph Grenny, Ron McMillan, and Al Switzler is such a timeless guide. It’s not about fancy communication theory—it’s about what to do when the stakes are high, emotions are intense, and the outcome really matters.

Whether it’s giving feedback at work, confronting a loved one, or resolving conflict with a friend, these are the moments that can either strengthen or strain relationships.

Defining a Crucial Conversation

A crucial conversation happens when stakes are high, opinions differ, and emotions run strong.

It might be a performance review, a family disagreement, or a tough decision between friends.

In those moments, most of us fall into one of two traps:

      • We go silent, avoiding the topic to keep the peace.

      • Or we go aggressive, pushing our point so hard that we shut others down.

Neither path works. The authors offer a third option—dialogue.

“Dialogue is the free flow of meaning between two or more people.”

When people feel safe enough to share honestly, understanding deepens, and solutions become wiser.

Core Skills for Navigating Difficult Conversations

1. Start with Heart

Before speaking, pause and ask:

“What do I really want—for me, for them, and for this relationship?”

When we focus on genuine goals rather than ego or emotion, our words carry calmness and respect. This shift often changes the entire tone of the conversation.

2. Learn to Look

Strong communicators watch for signs that the conversation is slipping.

Are people shutting down? Getting defensive? Are you?

Recognizing these cues early lets you pause, reset, and restore safety before things spiral.

3. Make It Safe

People open up only when they feel respected and understood.

If safety is lost, stop addressing the issue and repair the relationship first. Sometimes that means apologizing; other times it means clarifying intentions through “Contrasting”:

“I’m not trying to criticize you—I just want to understand what happened.”

A moment of empathy can reopen the entire discussion.

4. Master Your Stories

We don’t react to facts—we react to the stories we tell ourselves about them.

When someone interrupts, we might think, They don’t respect me. That story fuels anger.

The book challenges readers to separate facts from assumptions. Ask yourself:

      • What actually happened?

      • What story am I adding to it?

      • What else could be true?

It’s amazing how much calmer we become when we stop assuming the worst.

5. STATE Your Path

When it’s your turn to share your perspective, use the STATE model:

      • Share your facts

      • Tell your story

      • Ask for others’ views

      • Talk tentatively

      • Encourage testing

This approach balances confidence and humility. You express yourself clearly while showing you’re open to learning.

6. Explore Others’ Paths

Real communication goes both ways.

To keep the conversation open, you need to make space for others to talk too. The AMPP skills help with this:

      • Ask questions
      • Mirror their emotions (reflect what you see)
      • Paraphrase what they’re saying
      • Prime them if they’re quiet (take a guess at what they might be thinking)

When people sense you genuinely care about their perspective, they’re more likely to lower their guard and speak openly.

“When we stay curious instead of defensive, conversations stop being battles and start becoming bridges.”

7. Move to Action

Even the best conversations fall apart if they end without clear next steps.

The authors emphasize defining:

      • What will be done

      • Who will do it

      • By when, and

      • How you’ll follow up

Dialogue builds understanding; action builds results.

And as they note, participation doesn’t always equal consensus—what matters is that everyone’s voice has been heard.

Applying These Ideas Beyond Work

While many people read Crucial Conversations for professional growth, its principles are universal.

These tools help in marriages, friendships, and parenting just as much as in meetings and performance reviews.

Improving how we communicate takes practice. The authors suggest starting small:

“Pick one relationship or recurring conversation where you want to improve, and focus on one skill.”

Over time, you’ll notice yourself reacting less, listening more, and creating safer, more meaningful dialogue in every area of life.

Final Thoughts

Crucial Conversations reminds us that difficult discussions aren’t something to fear—they’re opportunities to grow, to connect, and to strengthen trust.

When we replace defensiveness with curiosity and courage, even the hardest talks can become turning points for better relationships.

So next time you feel your pulse quicken before a hard talk, take a breath and remember:

Start with heart. Listen with humility. Speak with respect.

You might be surprised at how much can change—with just one good conversation.

Understanding Reasonable Compensation for S-Corporations (Made Simple)

Preface: “Chase the vision, not the money; the money will end up following you.”  –Tony Hsieh

Understanding Reasonable Compensation for S-Corporations (Made Simple)

If you own an S-Corporation or plan to, there’s one important rule you need to know about: reasonable compensation. It might sound like a technical tax term, but it really just means: Are you paying yourself a fair salary for the work you do?

Why It’s a Big Deal

S-Corporations are special kinds of businesses where the company’s profits “pass through” to the owner’s personal tax return. This setup helps avoid some business taxes—but it also comes with IRS rules.

If you work in your S-Corp (not just own it), the IRS says you’re an employee, not just an owner. That means you have to take a real paycheck (with payroll taxes), not just profits or “distributions.” Why? Because wages get taxed differently from profits. And if the IRS sees that you’re only taking profits and no paycheck, they might hit you with taxes, penalties, and interest.

What Counts as “Reasonable”?

The IRS says reasonable compensation is the amount you would pay someone else to do your job in your business. So, if you’re doing full-time management, your pay should match what someone in that role would normally earn.

Here are some things the IRS looks at when deciding if your pay is reasonable:

      • What kind of work you do
      • How much time you spend working
      • Your skills and experience
      • What you pay other employees
      • What similar jobs pay at other businesses
      • How much profit your business makes

The idea is to make sure your salary isn’t too low (to avoid taxes) or too high (which could hurt your business financially).

Why Getting This Right Matters

If you underpay yourself, the IRS might say some of your profits should’ve been wages. That means:

      • You could owe back payroll taxes
      • You could face penalties and interest
      • You might even risk your S-Corp status

On the flip side, paying yourself too much means your business pays more employment tax than necessary.

So, What’s the Right Salary?

It depends on what you actually do for the business. For example:

      • If you work 40 hours a week and run day-to-day operations, you should get a market-rate salary.
      • If you only help out once in a while or offer advice, a smaller salary might make sense.

The goal is to find a fair balance that matches your role and how similar businesses pay.

How a CPA Can Help You

Getting reasonable compensation right can be tricky. That’s why it helps to work with a CPA They can:

      • Look at your role and what you do day to day
      • Compare what others in similar roles earn
      • Review your current pay and business profits
      • Help you figure out benefits and taxes
      • Keep records in case the IRS ever asks questions

Final Thoughts

Paying yourself fairly from an S-Corporation isn’t just about following the rules—it’s smart business. It helps you avoid IRS problems, pay the right taxes, and keep your business strong.

History of the Retirement Plan, Part V

Preface: “But a careful look at the historical record shows that the promise of American life came to be identified with social mobility only when more hopeful interpretations of opportunity had begun to fade, that the concept of social mobility embodies a fairly recent and sadly impoverished understanding of the ‘American Dream,’ and that its ascendancy, in our own time, measures the recession of the dream and not its fulfillment.” – Christopher Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites

History of the Retirement Plan, Part V

This is the fifth and final post in a series on the subject of retirement plans. The first four parts can be found here, here, here, and here. In this series, we have:

      • Briefly reviewed the history of government-defined retirement models in the United States,
      • Introduced the tax-deferred model, and
      • Explained the difference between Qualified plans and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs),
      • Discussed limits to deductibility of retirement contributions, and also
      • Tax treatment of non-deductible contributions, and introduced:
      • The Roth model, and even:
      • Roth conversions.

Why Retirement Accounts?

Now that you are more familiar with the variety of government-defined schemes that exist to help you save for retirement, you might also consider that you don’t actually need any special government-endorsed type of plan in order to accomplish this.

Any brokerage or savings account can be used to save for retirement. You can also invest in real estate or closely held businesses, anything that will retain its value or grow over time. Some people who are more worried about governmental collapse than about inflation will even withdraw all their money in cash or use it to buy gold and put it all in a safe. You can even put money in a cookie jar or hide it under the floorboards, although we don’t recommend this. As long as you can live within your means and not run through all of your savings before you retire, you have in some way saved for retirement.

And while these simpler and more direct savings methods don’t come with any special tax advantages, they also do not carry any of the restrictions and potential penalties to be found with specially designated retirement accounts.

Why Retirement Accounts Now?

At this point we might also ask why it was only in the 20th century that the government came to be so intimately involved in how we save for retirement, first with Social Security in 1935, and then in 1974 with ERISA and its later modifications.

One reason is that before the 20th century, people did not so often outlive their working years, and so “retirement” was not as much of an issue. Another is that, before the Industrial Revolution, more people tended to live in larger, multi-generational family units and had more children. Such a family structure was in effect a sort of retirement plan.

People were also more likely to own their own land, small businesses, and farms, what Karl Marx would call their “means of production.” These means, together with the families as mentioned earlier, likely meant that you might not see any drop in earnings just because you could no longer work.

In his book The Revolt of the Elites, Christopher Lasch suggests that some type of idealized self-sustaining middle-class existence such as this typified what was thought of as the “American Dream” during the first century and a half of American life and thought. Even if it was not attained or even attainable by most, it had still seemed realistic enough to endure as an ideal.

It was the movement of Americans to the cities and company towns in the late 19th century to seek wage employment that gave rise to the widespread indigent elderly population in the early 20th century, which grew to unbearable dimensions during the Great Depression and eventually led to the Social Security Act.

And it was at this time, according to Lasch, that the ideal of the yeoman farmer or craftsman faded to be replaced by the present-day association of the “American Dream” with a life of ease and plenty or even Cinderella-like rags-to-riches stories.

Lasch suggests the original purpose of American education was not “social mobility” as we conceive it now, but a strengthening of existing families and communities through both business and personal growth.

While the Social Security Act helped to alleviate the material suffering of those who could no longer work, it did not restore their status as members of an ownership class. Social Security did not owe its inspiration to earlier American ideals, but to European statist models pioneered in the 19th century by the Prussian philosopher G.W.F. Hegel and implemented in the German Empire by Kaiser Wilhelm III.

In the mid-20th century, this model was partially privatized as many employers and labor unions promised their workers pensions upon retirement. But by the second half of the century, it was clear that these promises were no better than the solvency of the employer or the political favors that labor muscle could leverage.

With ERISA, we have begun to come full circle, regaining control over our own “means of production” even if for many of us, this is only in the form of fractional ownership of publicly traded companies and government-issued debt. We can at least decide how we want to allocate our share of capital and can even vote by proxy in shareholder meetings. We at last regain the prospect of being middle-class again, not only in the sense of being middle-income, but of being masters of a fate, which, even if not high and majestic, is not subject to the whims and political fortunes of our betters.

Whither Retirement Accounts?

A society of small claims wealth-holders, especially those who hold income-producing assets that they understand and can beneficially manage, is qualitatively very different than a society of pensioned, socially secured wage earners.

The former is not only a society of free citizens who cannot be intimidated by a government or an oligopoly that can threaten to withhold subsidies. It is also a society of true stakeholders in the country itself who are bound to make more responsible decisions about their collective future. These will not tend to be the kind of people who will sell their freedoms and their legacy at the ballot box for promises of free beer, as Edmund Burke has warned. It is also a society where knowledge and skill can be acquired piecemeal in the Jeffersonian sense, without credentials and without the pretensions of an expert class, to be brought to bear directly on the development of what is effectively each individual’s portion of the national wealth to manage with his own unique talents.

If we consider family ownership of publicly traded stock as a rough measure of small-scale ownership of the national wealth, there is a case to be made that we are already now in this new kind of ownership society. According to the Federal Reserve, in 2022:

      • 58% of U.S. families (about 72 million families) held stock.
      • 21% of U.S. families (about 26 million families) directly held stock.

Yet in reality, most of this “privately” owned stock is in fact owned through funds concentrated in a very small group of very large fund companies. Of course, the fund companies do not own the funds, the individual account holders do, many of them through retirement accounts. Unfortunately, many owners of retirement accounts do not take much interest or an active role in managing their ownership positions.

If we consider fund control of equity Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) as a rough measure of fund control of individually owned wealth, we might wonder to what extent individual account holders can meaningfully be said to own anything. How many even see themselves as “owners”? According to U.S. News & World Report, in 2024 74% of the Equity ETF Market is controlled by just three fund companies: Vanguard, BlackRock, and State Street Corp.

How strange this situation would seem to Thomas Jefferson. We might explain it to him thus: Most Americans still own their farms and trades, as it were. However, they are afraid to set foot on their own land or to touch their own work tools. They believe that only a gentry class of experts are qualified to do these things on their behalf.

Those of us who are lucky enough to still own farms and small businesses that we materially participate in and understand enough to pass them and the knowledge to run them on to our children, can still partake in the American Dream as Christopher Lasch describes. For the rest of us, it will be incumbent not only to save income earned from our chosen professions and invest it, but to take an active interest in our investments and be able to understand them well enough to pass them and the knowledge to manage them on to our children.

Understanding IRS Schedule A Itemized Deductions Under the OBBB Act

Preface: “The precise point at which a tax deduction becomes a ‘loophole’ or a tax incentive becomes a ‘subsidy for special interests’ is one of the great mysteries of politics.” – John Sununu

Understanding IRS Schedule A Itemized Deductions Under the OBBB Act

When filing taxes, taxpayers can choose between the standard deduction or itemized deductions on IRS Schedule A. The One Big Beautiful Bill (OBBB) Act, signed into law in 2025, made several important updates that impact itemized deductions for individuals. Below is a breakdown of the key changes and how they may affect your tax return.

State and Local Tax (SALT) Deduction Limit

      • From 2025 through 2029, the SALT deduction limit increases to $40,000 ($20,000 if married filing separately).
      • In 2025, the limit starts at $40,000 ($20,000 separate). It rises slightly each year by 1% until 2029.
      • However, the benefit phases out for high-income taxpayers:
        • If your modified adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeds $500,000 ($250,000 if separate), your deduction limit is reduced.
        • The reduction equals 30% of the excess income above the threshold, with at least a $10,000 ($5,000 if separate) reduction.
      • After 2029, the limit returns to $10,000 ($5,000 if separate) in 2030.

Home Mortgage Interest Deduction

      • The home mortgage interest deduction rules from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) are made permanent.
      • You can deduct interest on up to $750,000 of acquisition debt ($375,000 if married filing separately).
      • The suspension of interest deductions on home equity debt also remains permanent.

Car Loan Interest Deduction

      • Typically, personal loan interest is not deductible.
      • Under the OBBB Act, for 2025–2028, you can deduct up to $10,000 per year of interest on loans for U.S.-assembled passenger vehicles.
      • The deduction phases out for taxpayers with AGI over $100,000 ($200,000 for joint filers).
      • Important: This deduction applies even if you don’t itemize.

Charitable Contribution Deductions

      • Starting in 2026, non-itemizers can deduct up to $1,000 ($2,000 for joint filers) of cash charitable contributions.
      • For those who itemize, a new 0.5% floor applies: your allowable deduction is reduced by 0.5% of your contribution base.
      • Example: If your contribution base is $100,000, $500 would be subtracted from your allowable deduction.

Personal Casualty and Theft Loss Deduction

      • Under the OBBB Act, the rules limiting deductions to federally declared disasters are made permanent.
      • The law expands this to include state-declared disasters such as floods, fires, or explosions recognized by a governor.
      • Losses tied to qualified disasters between 2019 and September 2025 are also covered.

Gambling Losses

      • Gambling losses can only offset gambling winnings.
      • The OBBB Act introduces a new restriction: starting after 2025, only 90% of wagering losses are deductible, and this deduction is limited to the amount of gains.
      • Example: If you win $10,000 and have $12,000 in losses, you can deduct only $9,000.

Moving Expenses

      • The TCJA suspended most moving expense deductions, and the OBBB Act makes this permanent.
      • Only active-duty military members and intelligence community employees (and their families) qualify for moving expense deductions or reimbursements.

Miscellaneous Itemized Deductions

      • The suspension of miscellaneous itemized deductions (like unreimbursed employee expenses) is now permanent.
      • Exception: Educator expenses are allowed above the line up to $300 (increasing with inflation). Starting after 2025, teachers can also itemize classroom expenses above this limit.

Phaseout of Itemized Deductions

      • A new overall limit applies to high-income taxpayers:
          • Itemized deductions are reduced by 2/37 of the lesser of:
            1. Total itemized deductions, or
            2. Taxable income above the 37% bracket threshold.
      • This applies after other limits (such as the SALT cap) are calculated.

Planning Note: Standard Deduction vs. Itemizing

      • The OBBB Act makes the standard deduction increase permanent:
        • $15,750 for single filers (2025)
        • $23,625 for heads of household
        • $31,500 for married filing jointly
      • The amounts adjust for inflation in future years.
      • You may still choose to itemize if your deductions (SALT, mortgage, charitable, etc.) are greater than the standard deduction.

Final Thoughts

The OBBB Act reshaped how taxpayers approach Schedule A deductions. For most, the higher standard deduction will remain the simpler choice. However, with changes such as the higher SALT cap, charitable deduction rules, and the new car loan interest deduction, some taxpayers may benefit from itemizing their deductions.

Careful planning is essential, especially for those near phase-out thresholds. Consider consulting a tax advisor to evaluate whether itemizing or taking the standard deduction will provide the best tax outcome under the new rules.

Book Report: This is Strategy: Make Better Plans by Seth Godin

Preface: “Strategy is the hard work of choosing what to do today to improve our tomorrow.” ― Seth Godin, This Is Strategy: Make Better Plans

Book Report: This is Strategy by Seth Godin

Introduction

Seth Godin is a well-known writer and thinker on marketing, leadership, and innovation. In his book This is Strategy: Make Better Plans, Godin explains how people and organizations can make smarter choices that lead to long-term success.

The book isn’t about complicated charts or formulas. Instead, it’s about changing how we think about planning, taking action, and growing in a world that is always changing. Godin’s main message is that success doesn’t come from working harder or faster. It comes from working smarter, asking better questions, and being willing to face discomfort.

The Problem with Default Thinking

Godin begins by pointing out a common problem: many people rush from task to task without making real progress. This leads to stress and burnout. The issue, he says, is that people often know what they want, but they don’t have a real strategy to get there.

Repeating the same actions over and over won’t work if the world has changed. Old methods may feel safe, but sticking to them is a trap. Strategy requires adapting to new realities.

Character as the Foundation of Strategy

One of Godin’s strongest points is the importance of character. He defines character as choosing your values over your instincts. In other words, strategy works best when it’s guided by values, even when those choices are hard.

For example, a strong leader doesn’t avoid tough conversations. They face them because those talks build trust and a stronger team. Godin believes that growth often comes from discomfort. Instead of running from it, he tells readers to seek it out because it helps us grow faster.

Learning Myths and Growth

Godin also challenges the popular idea of “learning styles.” He says people don’t really learn better in just one style—they simply have preferences that make them feel comfortable. Real growth comes when we move out of our comfort zones and try new ways to learn.

This lesson connects to strategy. Businesses can’t just stick to what’s familiar. A company that has always used one kind of marketing might need to explore new platforms or creative methods to grow.

Procrastination and Discomfort

Godin takes another common issue—procrastination—and reframes it. He argues that procrastination usually isn’t laziness. Instead, it’s avoiding the uncomfortable feelings tied to the task. Good strategists recognize this and face the discomfort rather than delay.

He quotes Ted Lasso: “If you’re comfortable, you’re doin’ it wrong.”

Tactics vs. Strategy

A key message in the book is the difference between tactics and strategy.

      • Tactics are small daily actions.
      • Strategy is the bigger picture—the “why” behind what you’re doing.

Without strategy, tactics are just busywork. Godin says many companies get caught up in tactics like running ads or chasing sales without answering bigger questions like:

      • Why are we doing this?
      • Where are we going?
      • Who are we serving?

Examples from the Book

      • Marketing a Product – Strategy is not about pushing out more ads. It’s about building trust and connection with customers. A loyal customer base is worth more than short-term sales.
      • Career Development – Strategy in your career may mean saying “no” to an easy job in order to grow skills in a harder one. Godin says we should look at our careers as a purposeful journey, not just a series of jobs.
      • Community Building – Strategy in a community is not about control. It’s about creating shared values and giving people a chance to be part of something bigger.

Practical Applications

Godin gives several ways to put his ideas into practice:

      1. Set Clear Values – Decide what matters most to you before making a plan.
      2. Seek Discomfort – Choose the option that helps you grow, even if it’s harder.
      3. Separate Tactics from Strategy – Ask yourself if your daily actions connect to your bigger plan.
      4. Test and Adapt – Strategies must change as situations change.
      5. Think Long-Term – Focus on sustainability and lasting impact, not just quick wins.

Key Lessons for Everyone

      • Growth Requires Change – Old methods won’t work forever.
      • Character Matters – Decisions guided by values build trust.
      • Comfort Can Hold You Back – Real growth happens in discomfort.
      • Keep It Simple – Strategy doesn’t need to be complicated, just clear.
      • Strategy Is for All – It’s not only for CEOs; anyone can use it in life or work.

Conclusion

Seth Godin’s This is Strategy is a powerful reminder that success isn’t about nonstop hustle. It’s about smart, values-based strategies that help us grow and make an impact.

For leaders, it’s a call to focus on long-term vision and culture instead of quick wins. For individuals, it’s encouragement to view life and career choices as part of a bigger picture.

In today’s world, where change is constant and distractions are everywhere, Godin’s advice is clear: strategy is more than a plan—it’s a way of living and leading.